Question: Digestion and absorption:
1.Distinguish between the digestive
tract (gastro-intestinal tract or a…
Digestion and absorption:
1.Distinguish between the digestive
tract (gastro-intestinal tract or alimentary canal) and the
accessory digestive organs.
2. Distinguish among ingestion,
propulsion, peristalsis, segmentation, digestion (mechanical and
chemical) absorption, secretion and defecation.
3.Distinguish between the parietal
and the visceral peritoneum.
4.How is the serosa coat of the
digestive tract related to peritoneum? Where is the peritoneal
cavity?
5.Define retroperitoneal.
6. Describe the 4 tunics of the GI
tract. You should be able to give a brief description (including
content) of each layer and sub layer.
7.Distinguish between the muscularis
mucosae and the muscularis externa as far as location and
function.
8.Which nerves innervate the above
muscles? What effect do they have for the organ?
9.How is the muscularis externa
different in the stomach wall from that in the remainder of the
tract?
10.Does chemical digestion occur in
the mouth?
11.What is the function of salivary
amylase? What is the substrate for amylase?
12.What is role of the esophagus?
What adaptation of the 4 tunics are associated with the
esophagus?
13. What kind of structure acts as
valves in the GI tract? Where are they located? What is a hiatal
hernia?
14.Define mastication and
deglutition.
15.Which phase of deglutition is
voluntary? Which is involuntary? Fig 15.15
16.Food swallowed is called ____,
food leaving the stomach is called _____?
17.Know the location for fundus,
body, and pylorus of the stomach.
18. Identify gastric pits; mucous
cells, gastric glands, zymogenic (chief ) cells, parietal cells.
What do these cells produce?
19.What are the phases of
gastrointestinal control ?
20.How does the stomach make HCl?
Where does the acid come from? What 3 factors bind to parietal
cells and increase the production of HCl?
21. What is the difference between
pepsinogen and pepsin?
22. What pH is needed for the
activation of pepsin?
23. Where does intrinsic factor come
from, what does it do?
24.What hormone is produced the
stomach? What is its role?
25.What stimulates gastric
emptying?
26.What are the two plexus of the
enteric nervous system? Which one causes peristalsis? Which one
generally causes secretion?
27. Which division of the ANS
promotes digestive activities? Which cranial nerve is primary?
28.The four gastrointestinal hormones
are—where are they produced, what is the action of each.
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
GIP glucose dependent insulinotropic
peptide
29.What is the gastrointestinal
reflex pathway? What are the components? Generally what effect does
it have on stomach activity?
30.Gastric peristaltic waves function
by ?? What is the rate of contraction?
31.What are the major divisions of
the small intestines?
32.What structural features increase
the surface area for absorption to occur in the small
intestines?
33.Where are brush border enzymes
located? What do they work on?
34.Where are gastrin, secretin,
cholecystokinin (CCK) produced? What does each one of these do?
35.Where in the digestive tract does
most of the digestion and absorption occur?
36.How does segmentation differ from
peristalsis?
37.What accessory organ digestive
juices empty into the duodenum?
38.The enteroendocine cells of the
small intestines release two hormones: secretin and CCK. What
organs do they work on?
39.Define: lacteals, crypts of
Lieberkuhn, Brunner’s glands, Malt (mucosa associated lymphatic
tissue.
40. The pancreas is both an exocrine
and endocrine gland what does this mean?
41.The pancreas produces what 2 major
products. Which hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic
bicarbonate ions? Which one stimulates the release of enzymes?
42.What does CCK do to the sphincter
of Oddi, the gall bladder and the brain?
43.Give the function of pancreatic
amylase; trypsin; pancreatic lipase.
44.What is the relationship of the
bile and the cystic duct?
45.What is the functional unit of the
liver? Describe the make-up of the lobule? What is a triad? Where
is it located? What are Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes?
46.What is the function of the gall
bladder? What is the function of bile?
47. In what form are carbohydrates
absorbed? Proteins?
48.How are triglycerides transported
across the small intestines? What are micelles? Chylomicrons? How
is cholesterol transported in the blood?
49.Compare the muscular movements of
the small intestines with those of the large intestines?
50.Identify haustra, haustra
peristalsis, and mass peristalsis. What area of the colon does mass
peristalsis occur? How often does mass peristalsis occur? What
causes mass peristalsis or gastrocolic relex?
51.The final digestion of
carbohydrates and proteins in the LI occurs by what?
52.What is absorbed in the large
intestines?
53.What vitamins are formed in the
large intestine? How are they formed?
54.Explain the defecation reflex? The
motor pathway is which ANS?
55. What is the major function of the
colon? What is absorbed from the colon? What is the role of the
enteric bacteria in the colon?
56.Carbohydrates are organized
according to the number of sugars, they are: _______
Where do most of the enzymes come from for the catabolic
reaction? How are the monosaccharides absorbed?
57. Proteins begin digestion in the _________by _____________.
Further digestion of proteins is the result of the
_____________gland. What is the role of enteropeoptidase? Where is
it produced?
58. The small intestine breaks proteins down into amino acids,
they are transported across the gut lining into to
59. Lipids are primarily broken down by the ____________with the
enzyme _____. Triglycerides are broken down into ____________and
________________.
60. So that lipase can interact with triglyceride the produce
acts to emulsify it.
61 Bile salts wrap around the fats and form a ___________that
enters into the gut lumen.
62. Once inside the gut lumen the triglyceride is restructured
and transported by ___________into that are transported by
______________to the lymphatic system.
63. What are the fat soluble vitamins?
64. What are the primary functions of carbohydrates? , lipids?
And proteins?
65. What is the absorptive state of nutrition? How long does it
last?
66. What endocrine pancreatic hormone is released in response to
increased levels of glucose?
67, What is the primary factor that induces insulin secretion?
What is GIP?
67 The postabsorptive state occurs when? What is used for energy
during this time? What hormone is the used in the postabsorptive
state?
68. What is the role of cholesterol in the body? Where is it
synthesized?
69. What are VLDLs used for in the body? What are LDLs used for
in the body? HDls?
70. What should normal cholesterols levels be? In what
ratio?
Biol 2240 Digestion Study Questions Theses study questions are
intended to help direct your study skills. Digestion and
absorption: Distinguish between the digestive tract
(gastro-intestinal tract or alimentary canal) and the accessory
digestive organs. Distinguish among ingestion, propulsion,
peristalsis, segmentation, digestion (mechanical and chemical)
absorption, secretion and defecation. Distinguish between the
parietal and the visceral peritoneum. How is the serosa coat of the
digestive tract related to peritoneum? Where is the peritoneal
cavity? Define retroperitoneal. Describe the 4 tunics of the GI
tract. You should be able to give a brief description (including
content) of each layer and sub layer. Distinguish between the
muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa as far as location
and function. Which nerves innervate the above muscles? What effect
do they have for the organ? How is the muscularis externa different
in the stomach wall from that in the remainder of the tract? Does
chemical digestion occur in the mouth? What is the function of
salivary amylase? What is the substrate for amylase? What is role
of the esophagus? What adaptation of the 4 tunics are associated
with the esophagus? What kind of structure acts as valves in the GI
tract? Where are they located? What is a hiatal hernia? Define
mastication and deglutition. Which phase of deglutition is
voluntary? Which is involuntary? Fig 15.15 Food swallowed is called
____, food leaving the stomach is called _____? Know the location
for fundus, body, and pylorus of the stomach. Identify gastric
pits; mucous cells, gastric glands, zymogenic (chief ) cells,
parietal cells. What do these cells produce? What are the phases of
gastrointestinal control ? How does the stomach make HCl? Where
does the acid come from? What 3 factors bind to parietal cells and
increase the production of HCl? What is the difference between
pepsinogen and pepsin? What pH is needed for the activation of
pepsin? Where does intrinsic factor come from, what does it do?
What hormone is produced the stomach? What is its role? What
stimulates gastric emptying? What are the two plexus of the enteric
nervous system? Which one causes peristalsis? Which one generally
causes secretion? Which division of the ANS promotes digestive
activities? Which cranial nerve is primary? The four
gastrointestinal hormones are—where are they produced, what is the
action of each. Secretin Cholecystokinin Gastrin GIP glucose
dependent insulinotropic peptide What is the gastrointestinal
reflex pathway? What are the components? Generally what effect does
it have on stomach activity? Gastric peristaltic waves function by
?? What is the rate of contraction? What are the major divisions of
the small intestines? What structural features increase the surface
area for absorption to occur in the small intestines? Where are
brush border enzymes located? What do they work on? Where are
gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) produced? What does each
one of these do? Where in the digestive tract does most of the
digestion and absorption occur? How does segmentation differ from
peristalsis? What accessory organ digestive juices empty into the
duodenum? The enteroendocine cells of the small intestines release
two hormones: secretin and CCK. What organs do they work on?
Define: lacteals, crypts of Lieberkuhn, Brunner’s glands, Malt
(mucosa associated lymphatic tissue. The pancreas is both an
exocrine and endocrine gland what does this mean? The pancreas
produces what 2 major products. Which hormone stimulates the
release of pancreatic bicarbonate ions? Which one stimulates the
release of enzymes? What does CCK do to the sphincter of Oddi, the
gall bladder and the brain? Give the function of pancreatic
amylase; trypsin; pancreatic lipase. What is the relationship of
the bile and the cystic duct? What is the functional unit of the
liver? Describe the make-up of the lobule? What is a triad? Where
is it located? What are Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes? What is the
function of the gall bladder? What is the function of bile? In what
form are carbohydrates absorbed? Proteins? How are triglycerides
transported across the small intestines? What are micelles?
Chylomicrons? How is cholesterol transported in the blood? Compare
the muscular movements of the small intestines with those of the
large intestines? Identify haustra, haustra peristalsis, and mass
peristalsis. What area of the colon does mass peristalsis occur?
How often does mass peristalsis occur? What causes mass peristalsis
or gastrocolic relex? The final digestion of carbohydrates and
proteins in the LI occurs by what? What is absorbed in the large
intestines? What vitamins are formed in the large intestine? How
are they formed? Explain the defecation reflex? The motor pathway
is which ANS? What is the major function of the colon? What is
absorbed from the colon? What is the role of the enteric bacteria
in the colon? Carbohydrates are organized according to the number
of sugars, they are : Where do most of the enzymes come from for
the catabolic reaction? How are the monosaccharides absorbed? 57.
Proteins begin digestion in the _________by _____________. Further
digestion of proteins is the result of the _____________gland. What
is the role of enteropeoptidase? Where is it produced? 58. The
small intestine breaks proteins down into amino acids, they are
transported across the gut lining into to 59. Lipids are primarily
broken down by the ____________with the enzyme _____. Triglycerides
are broken down into ____________and ________________. 60. So that
lipase can interact with triglyceride the produce acts to emulsify
it. 61 Bile salts wrap around the fats and form a ___________that
enters into the gut lumen. 62. Once inside the gut lumen the
triglyceride is restructured and transported by ___________into
that are transported by ______________to the lymphatic system. 63.
What are the fat soluble vitamins? 64. What are the primary
functions of carbohydrates? , lipids? And proteins? 65. What is the
absorptive state of nutrition? How long does it last? 66. What
endocrine pancreatic hormone is released in response to increased
levels of glucose? 67, What is the primary factor that induces
insulin secretion? What is GIP? 67 The postabsorptive state occurs
when? What is used for energy during this time? What hormone is the
used in the postabsorptive state? 68. What is the role of
cholesterol in the body? Where is it synthesized? 69. What are
VLDLs used for in the body? What are LDLs used for in the body?
HDls? 70. What should normal cholesterols levels be? In what
ratio?
