Selection bias is systematic error in the selection or retentionof participants. There are several mechanisms that can produce thisunwanted effect (selection bias). Which of the following is NOT acause of selection bias?

Selection of a comparison group (“controls”) that is notrepresentative of the population that produced the cases in acase-control study.

Differential loss to follow up in a cohort study, such that thelikelihood of being lost to follow up is related to outcome statusand exposure status.

Using the general population as a comparison group for anoccupational cohort study

When there are systematic differences in the way subjectsremember or report exposures or outcomes

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