Epidemiology:
Assume you have conducted an investigation of the COVID-19infections and vaccinations and you have obtained the followingdata (the data are hypothetical).
- Complete the following table, using 2018 US populationestimates of 331 million people to calculate the cumulativeincidence for COVID-19 cases per 100,000 and report the absolutechange in incidence. Summarize the geographic differences inincidence and change in incidence from March to April2020.
|
State |
Reported new cases MARCH |
Incidence per 100,000 MARCH |
Reported new cases APRIL |
Incidence per 100,00 APRIL |
Change in incidence |
|
New York |
76,876 |
78,176 |
|||
|
New Jersey |
44,416 |
43,154 |
|||
|
Michigan |
18,970 |
18,900 |
|||
|
Louisiana |
16,284 |
19,713 |
|||
|
California |
15,865 |
15,991 |
- Create an epidemiological curve and describe the trendfrom the U.S. COVID-19 case data below. Ensure you note the peakfor reported cases in the month of December.
|
Date |
Number of reported COVID-19 cases |
|
12/1/20 |
122,134 |
|
12/2/20 |
124,503 |
|
12/3/20 |
125,231 |
|
12/4/20 |
124,600 |
|
12/5/20 |
129,103 |
|
12/6/20 |
135,200 |
|
12/7/20 |
151,400 |
|
12/8/20 |
187,672 |
|
12/9/20 |
201,210 |
|
12/10/20 |
210,300 |
|
12/11/20 |
189,200 |
|
12/12/20 |
187,690 |
|
12/13/20 |
184,300 |
|
12/14/20 |
179,200 |
|
12/15/20 |
171,230 |
|
12/16/20 |
168,993 |
|
12/17/20 |
166,789 |
|
12/18/20 |
177,698 |
|
12/19/20 |
162,230 |
|
12/20/20 |
151,330 |
|
12/21/20 |
148,932 |
|
12/22/20 |
140,771 |
|
12/23/20 |
138,389 |
- Consider a case-control study design to collect realworld efficacy data on the COVID-19 vaccine. As the investigator incharge of this study, describe how you would select cases andcontrols. What are some ways you can limit bias in this study?Identify and describe any important confounding variables that youwould consider exploring in the primary association betweenCOVID-19 vaccination and acquisition of disease.
- Compute and interpret the Odds Ratio for the results ofthe case control study below.
|
Received COVID-19 Vaccine |
Cases |
Controls |
Total |
|
|
Yes |
300 |
2,800 |
3,100 |
|
|
No |
4,700 |
2,200 |
6,900 |
|
|
Total |
5,000 |
5,000 |
10,000 |
