Question: . Be Mindful Of Spelling And Rounding When Entering Your Responses In Blackboard. Table 1: Respiratory Disease & Smoking Status Smoker? Yes No Yes 116 20 Respiratory Disease? No 34 110 Table 2: Myocardial Infarction & Exercise Regular Exercise? Yes No Yes 52 82 Myocardial Infarction In Past Year? No 56 16 A + Baxd OR = C+d Bxc 1. Analytic Epidemiologic …

. Be mindful of spelling and rounding when entering your responses in Blackboard. Table 1: Respiratory Disease & Smoking Status Smoker? Yes No Yes 116 20 Respiratory Disease? No 34 110 Table 2: Myocardial Infarction & Exercise Regular Exercise? Yes No Yes 52 82 Myocardial Infarction in past year? No 56 16 a + baxd OR = c+d bxc 1. Analytic epidemiologic studies attempt to answer what types of questions? (select all that apply) a. Who? b. What? C. When? d. Where? e. Why? f. How? 2. You are deciding what study design to use to examine your research question. Since the respiratory disease is known to have a long latency period (disease process occurs over a long period of time), you decide to identify subjects from a population and group them based on whether they have the disease and whether they had the exposure of interest. What type of study is this? 3. You are selecting cases for your study. You know that it is not feasible to include all individuals with the disease in your study and the characteristics of people with the disease vary greatly. Because of this, you decide to limit your study population to only those with certain characteristics, such as Asian women between the ages of 30-55 years. In one word, what is this action called? 4. You are selecting controls for your study. What characteristics should your control subjects have? (select all that apply) a. Should come from the same population that the cases were selected from. b. Should reflect the same age, gender, and other significant factors c. Should have the same disease that is being researched d. Should have the same probability of having the exposure that is being studied 5. You are trying to stay within your research budget, and decide to ask a local hospital if they will provide control subjects for your study. You fail to realize that hospitalized patients will not make good control subjects because they are more prone to negative health behaviors, like smoking. What type of bias does this describe? 6. A faculty adviser encourages you to include only people who were diagnosed with the respiratory disease within the past year and exclude prevalent cases of the respiratory disease. This is because of selective survival bias, meaning that prevalent cases may have had less severe, more mild cases of the disease. By excluding prevalent cases as your advisor suggests, what type of bias will you avoid? 7. You interview both cases and controls about their exposure to smoking (currently smoke, ever tried a cigarette, second-hand smoke, etc) and other respiratory issues in the past ten years. Upon interviewing your cases and controls, you believe that your cases are able to remember details of their exposures more accurately. What type of bias is this? 8. You have an eager research assistant that wishes to help you conduct interviews of cases and controls. When this person interviews the control subjects, they ask questions in a different manner from the cases. For control subjects, the research assistant asks questions quickly and does not elaborate when the subjects are confused by the question wording. The research assistant is much more meticulous about asking questions to the case subjects. What type of bias is this? 9. In Table 1 above, how many total cases are included in the study (whole number)? 10. In Table 1 above, how many total controls are included in the study (whole number)? 11. The odds ratio compares the odds of the disease among exposed individuals to the odds of disease among unexposed individuals, shown in the formula above and in your textbook on page 157. Calculate the odds ratio for the data in Table 1 above, and round to the nearest hundredth (two decimal places). 12. Based on your odds ratio found in Question 11, is there a positive association between the exposure and outcome, negative association, or no association? 13. In Table 2 above, how many total people had the exposure of interest (whole number)? 14. In Table 2 above, how many total people had the health outcome of interest (whole number)? 15. Calculate the odds ratio for the data in Table 2 above, and round to the nearest hundredth (two decimal places). 16. Based on your odds ratio found in Question 15, is there a positive association between the exposure and outcome, negative association, or no association?