Question: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals And Risks To Young And Unborn Children Correct Paper Please Edit And Correct The Errors To This Paper. Thanks

2 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of chemicals that can interfere with the production, release, transport or action of hormones in the body. (Birnbaum and Jung, 2011). “These types of chemicals are common in a typical household. One of the most concerning problems surrounding these chemicals is that exposure to even small doses during “windows of vulnerability” in the fetus and the young child can disrupt normal development and trigger the development of many disorders, including neurobehavioral disorders (learning disabilities and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and others.” (Landrigan & Goldman, 2011, p. 843.) This research proposal is designed to qualify the perceptions of risk of exposure to EDCs among pregnant women and primary caregivers of young children to gain a better understanding of public concern regarding these risks. A secondary goal is to explore what this population feels it can do to mitigate the risk of exposure in the home. The results of the research may influence the need for more stringent restrictions on the use of EDCs in products that are most likely to present a risk to young and unborn children. Research Current policy in the area of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) does very little to regulate the use of these chemicals in products meant for human use. Emerging research is demonstrating associations between exposure to EDCs during periods of early development and incidence of chronic disease. (Meeker J., 2012) U.S. policy regarding environmental health risk related to the use of chemicals in products meant for human use has been inadequate. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TCSA) was written in 1976, and only regulates chemicals introduced after its inception which then “grandfathered in” 62,000 chemicals, and protected those chemicals from 3 testing and regulation (Landrigan @ Goldman, 2011). The act provided for regulation of chemicals that posed a risk to health in the workplace, but did not extend to food or personal products (“Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act”, 2017). This means that hundreds of chemicals remain untested. Since the TCSA was enacted, over 20,000 additional chemicals have been added to the market (Landrigan & Goldman 2011). Meeker has shown that EDCs have be associated with an increased risk for each of the above mentioned conditions, as well as several other conditions including asthma, cancer and birth defects. Bisphenyl A (BPA) exposure has been associated with ADHD and behavioral problems in boys aged 3 and 5 years (Philippat, Nakiwala, Calafat, Botton, DeAgostini, Heude, Slama, 2017). Increased weight in boys aged seven years has been associated with several EDCs, as reported in one recent quantitative study (Agay-Shay et al., 2015) Conclusion Policies surrounding the use of chemicals are largely inadequate in the United States, although some progress has been made over the past few years. The incidence of several chronic conditions in American children is increasing, with societal and economic consequences already evident. Mounting research findings are showing that exposure to EDCs during gestation and the early years of development are associated with increased risk for development of several chronic conditions. Policy can be changed, and can work to protect our most vulnerable citizens. 4 References Agay-Shay, K., Martinez, D., Valvi, D., Garcia-Esteban, R., Basgana, X., Robinson,O., Casas, M., Sunyer, J., and Vrijheid, M. (2015). Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemical during pregnancy and weight at 7 years of age: A multi-pollutant approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(10), 1030-124. http://doi.org/ 10.1289/ehp.1409049 Birnbaum, Linda, S. & Jung, Paul. (2011). From endocrine disruptors to nanomaterials: advancing our understanding of environmental health to protect public health. Health Affairs, 30(5), 814-822. Bisphenyl A (BPA): Use in Food Contact Application. (2017). https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm Landrigan, P. & Goldman, L. (2014). Children’s vulnerability to toxic chemicals: a challenge and opportunity to strengthen health and environmental policy. Health Affairs 30(5), 842-850 D’Adamo, E. & Caprio, S. (2011). Type 2 diabetes in youth: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Diabetes Care 34(2), S161-S165. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-s212. Meeker, J.D. (2012). Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and child development Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 166(1), E1-E7. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.241 Philippat, C., Nakiwala, D., Calafat, A.M., Botton, J., DeAgostini, M., Heude, B., Slama, R. & Eden Mother-child Study Group (2017). Prenatal exposure to nonpersistent endocrine disruptors and behavior in boys at 3 and 5 years. Environmental Health Perspectives. http://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1314 Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act. (2017). http://www.epa.gov/laws- regulations/summary-toxic-substances-control-act