Question: HELP ME ANSWER THESE . THANK YOU CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Describe the three kinds of circulatory syste…

HELP ME ANSWER THESE . THANK YOU

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Describe the three kinds of circulatory systems found in the
animal kingdom, and provide an example of an organism with each
type of circulatory system.

Describe in detail the structure of and pattern of blood flow in
the mammalian heart, naming all chambers, valves, and major blood
vessels.

What is double circulation and how is it advantageous? What is
the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic
circuit? Explain the asymmetric shape of the heart in terms of
double circulation.

Compare the hearts of a fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, and
mammal in terms of the number of chambers and whether they have
single or double circulation. Explain the relationship between
heart structure and whether the organism is endothermic or
ectothermic.

Explain the roles of hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) and
osmosis in materials exchange between capillaries and the
interstitial fluid.

Describe the cellular and fluid components of the blood,
explaining the physical structure and functional roles of the
various cellular components.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Explain the three fundamental reasons why animals eat (i.e.,
what three different things are they deriving from their food?)

Describe the 4 steps in breakdown of food: ingestion, digestion,
absorption, elimination. What structures in the human digestive
system are associated with each step?

Compare and contrast the major types of digestive systems found
in animals: 1) intracellular digestion, 2) gastrovascular cavity,
3) alimentary canal. Name one phylum that is representative of each
mode of digestion and describe the pros/cons of each type of
digestive system.

In the process of digestion and absorption in animals, know the
role of each major organ along the pathway from oral cavity to anus
(see list of terms above). Be sure you know the details of enzymes
and organ structure that make this process as efficient as
possible.

Describe examples of adaptations for enhanced absorption of
energy and nutrients from food by the maximization of the surface
area of the digestive system. (Hints: typhlosole, plicae
circularis, villi, microvilli)

What are examples of organisms that feed by the following
mechanisms, and what are the differences among these approaches:
Surface absorption, filter feeding, fluid feeding, substrate
feeding, bulk feeding.

Excretory system

Define homeostasis and provide several examples. Why is
homeostasis important?

What are metabolic wastes, and why/how does the body produce
them? What are the organic molecules in food that are sources of
nitrogen?  

Name the three forms of nitrogenous wastes produced by various
vertebrate groups, describe their chemical properties (e.g.,
solubility, toxicity, energetic cost), and give examples of kinds
of organisms that produce each type of waste.

Compare and contrast the following types of excretory systems
found in Kingdom Animalia: Flame bulbs (protonephridia),
metanephridia, malpighian tubules, and nephridia/kidneys. What
organisms possess each kind of system? What does each of these
structures do, and (briefly), how does it work?

What is the physiological, cellular basis for muscle
fatigue?