Which of the following groups would you recruit for aprospective cohort study to assess the associationbetween cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease?
Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and healthycontrols |
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Healthy smokers and patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s diseasewho smoke |
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Healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers |
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Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease who smoke andpatients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease who do not smoke |
What variable differentially (positively and negatively)modifies the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status?Different groups will have different risk estimates when present.The effect is real, but the magnitude of the effect is differentfor different groups of individuals.
Effect Modification |
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Confounder |
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Random Error |
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Bias |