Which of the following groups would you recruit for aprospective cohort study to assess the associationbetween cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease?

Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and healthycontrols

Healthy smokers and patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s diseasewho smoke

Healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers

Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease who smoke andpatients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease who do not smoke

What variable differentially (positively and negatively)modifies the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status?Different groups will have different risk estimates when present.The effect is real, but the magnitude of the effect is differentfor different groups of individuals.

Effect Modification

Confounder

Random Error

Bias

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